Irishcapes

History
Madder has been cultivated as a dyestuff since antiquity in central Asia and Egypt, where it was grown as early as 1500 BC. Cloth dyed with madder root dye was found in the tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun and in the ruins of Pompeii and ancient Corinth.
The production of a lake pigment from madder was first discovered by the ancient Egyptians. Several techniques and recipes developed but they were relatively weak and extremely fugitive until 1804 when the English dye maker George Field refined the technique of making a lake from madder by treating it with alum and an alkali. The resulting Madder Lake had a less fugitive color and could be used more efficaciously, for example by blending it into a paint. Over the following years, it was found that other metal salts, including those containing iron, tin, and chromium, could be used in place of alum to give madder-based pigments of various other colors.
In 1826, the French chemist Pierre-Jean Robiquet found that Madder Lake contained two colorants, the red alizarin and the more rapidly fading purpurin. In 1868 the alizarin component became the first natural dye to be synthetically duplicated. Because this synthetic alizarin dye could be produced for a fraction of the cost of the natural madder dye it quickly replaced all madder-based colorants then in use. In turn, alizarin itself has now been largely replaced by the more light-resistant quinacridone pigments originally developed at DuPont in 1958.
Other Names
Color Index name: Natural Red 9 abbreviated NR9.
French name: laque de garance.
Italian name: lacca di robbia.
Rose Madder Genuine is sometimes used to specify a paint derived from the root of the madder plant in the traditional manner. It is still manufactured and used by some but is too fugitive for professional artistic use.
Alizarin Crimson is a paint very similar in color to Rose Madder Genuine but derived from synthetic Alizarin.
Rose Madder Hue is sometimes used to specify a paint made from other pigments but meant to approximate the color of Rose Madder.
Substitutes
As all madder-based pigments are notoriously fugitive, artists have long sought a more permanent and lightfast replacement for Rose Madder and Alizarin. Recommended alternative pigments include:
- Benzamida Carmine (PR176)
- Quinacridone Pyrrolodone
- Pyrrole Rubine (PR264)
- Anthraquinone red (PR177), a chemical cousin of Alizarin
- Quinacridone Violet (PV19), particularly dark and reddish varieties
- Quinacridone Magenta (PR122), for a brighter violet
- Quinacridone Rose (PV19), for a brighter violet
- Perylene Maroon (PR179], for mixing dull violets
References
^ Brian Murphy (), The Root of Wild Madder: Chasing the History, Mystery, and Lore of the Persian Carpet. It includes a section on Rose Madder.
^ a b c d “Red”. Color Index Pigment Codes, Color Index Number And Chemical Composition. Artiscreation.com. http://www.artiscreation.com/red.html. 
^ a b c d e f g h i j “Red”. Technical Information of Red Pigments. Handprint.com. http://handprint.com/HP/WCL/waterfs.html. 
^ a b c d “Magenta”. Technical Information of Magenta Pigments. Handprint.com. http://handprint.com/HP/WCL/waterc.html. 
^ a b c “Reds and Crimsons”. Resource Article on Reds and Crimsons. Winsornewton.com. http://www.winsornewton.com/resource-centre/product-articles/article-reds-and-crimsons/. 
^ Field’s notes are held at the Courtauld Institute of Art. See: http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=4107&inst_id=2 (accessed: 2007/09/05)
^ Winsor & Newton’s madder pigment is still made according to his process. See http://www.winsornewton.com/artnews/EN/artnewsletterA4_english03_2002.pdf page 6. (accessed: 2007/09/03). Note that Henry Charles Newton, founder of Winsor Newton, was his assistant and friend.
^ Simon Jennings (2003). Artist’s Color Manual. Chronicle Books. ISBN 9780811841436. http://books.google.com/books?id=Yz8q9RV05uYC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=%22rose+madder%22+pigment&source=web&ots=wokeMaWHhm&sig=BXOWk9h3KmV0OvK8osJEJIPDHN4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA17,M1. 
See also
Alizarin crimson (color)
External links
Paintmaking.com, Red oil paints
Categories: PigmentsHidden categories: WikiProject Color articles needing infobox sources

If you are truly a “nature lover” such that you spend a lot of time outdoors, outdoor cooking is going to become a necessity at some point. Why not invest in some outdoor cooking accessories that are truly going to let you enjoy cooking (not to mention some really good food) that goes far beyond some hot dogs or marshmallows impaled on sticks and held over a campfire?

You need a few is outdoor cooking accessories to really put on a good “spread” with your outdoor cooking, so to speak, but it can be done relatively easily.

The basics

*Hot dog forks or sticks

Some of the more basic outdoor cooking accessories are campfire forks or hotdog sticks. Again, although you certainly want your culinary efforts to go beyond this if you spend a lot of time outdoors, these are essential cooking utensils regardless — and good for the odd hotdog fix now and then too, if you wish. One of the best is Coghlan’s Safety Fork, which instead of using straight prongs has prongs bent downward so that they’re not as hazardous.

*Cast iron sandwich maker

A sandwich maker is made of cast iron lets you put together a lot of “meals in pie format” very easily. Choose from a number of different recipes by searching the Internet, and then make toasty ready-to-eat hot “sandwiches” or meal “pies” that will easily cook over hot coals.

*Coffee pot

If you drink coffee, you’ll also want something to provide you with your morning cup of joe; you can bring along instant coffee, of course, but if you want to brew coffee, you’ll need a stainless steel or in animal coffee pot or coffee press so that you can brew your coffee right over the campfire.

*Cast iron skillet

Finally, a cast iron skillet (just like the one your grandma had) is the perfect adjunct to outdoor cooking accessories that you simply can’t do without. You can buy them in a number of sizes, to meet your needs. Place them right on top of hot coals to do things as diverse as make scrambled eggs and pancakes to campfire “stir-fry.”

*Cast iron Dutch oven and/or jambalaya pot

Like the cast-iron skillet, the cast-iron Dutch oven or jambalaya pot lets you cook right over the open fire. These are perfect ways to make stews or other dishes that need a deeper receptacle than the cast-iron frying pan or sandwich maker can provide for you.

What to eat on?

Of course, if you don’t camp a lot, paper plates and plastic forks make suitable and very portable dishware. If you’re environmentally responsible, however, and you camp a lot, it’s a good idea to invest in some sturdy dishware that’s going to hold up to the test of time. Invest in stainless steel plates, forks, knives and spoons, so that they’ll last as outdoor cooking accessories for years.

More than just a campfire for cooking?

Certainly, nothing beats cooking over an open fire when you’re out camping. However, if you want to be able to control your heat a little more readily and you think it’s a good investment, you can also invest in a portable outdoor camp stove or grill to take with you. Again, these aren’t absolutely necessary, but they do make cooking a little bit easier since you can control temperature more easily on these devices than you can on a campfire. To go truly rustic, this isn’t something you should need, but if you do want a little more control over your cooking, one of these may be a good investment for you.

In the first half of the last century many homes had to heat their hot water at wood burning stove if there was going to be water for bathing or shaving. The Saturday night bath became a tradition because of the work that was required to get the water from the pot on the stove to the point of use in the bathtub. Because of the limited capacity for hot water, the younger the family member the colder the water became. Today we have state of the art water heaters that can deliver hot water on demand to any room in the house with a faucet.

Unless you are building your own home, it probably had a water heater installed when you moved into it. However, when the time comes, and you are in the market for water heaters there are several things that you need to take into consideration before you make your purchase. How will you provide the energy to your heater, gas, electric, or solar? How much, if any, water storage capacity, will you need? And will you want you heater to provide water to the entire house or limit it to a single room or portion of the house.?

Gas water heaters will require a larger initial initial investment.

Installation requires a space that is vented to the outdoors for safety considerations. Once installed they typically cost less than electric and are not impacted by power outages. Electric ones will cost less to buy, provides quick heating capability. Solar is the lowest cost to operate, the most green, requires the heat of the sun and is the slowest to heat.

It you have a large family with a lot of demands for hot water you will probably want to consider one of the tank water heaters. The have the capacity to store from 20 to 80 gallons of hot water providing a constant supply for your needs. These do require a larger storage space in the house for the tank. The tankless variety heats the water as it passes through. Since it does not maintain the temperature in a tank it is only heating the water as it is needed. This allows it to operate at up to a third less energy than tank models. If you have a large home with a lot of hot water demands you may want to consider providing water heaters throughout the home to get better hot water distribution.

Ceramic or hot air filters are in all likelihood most commonly connected with ceramic water filtration processes. But in terms of hot gas ceramic filtration this operates in a markedly different manner. Standard ceramic filters are utilised in many industries and factories that handle harmful gases and in many cases require the release of damaging gases into the planet’s atmosphere. Ceramic filtration is used to absorb some of these harmful elements before they are released into the air.

These hot air filters are designed to function in temperatures approaching 1000 degrees and are available in various filter sizes – in order that they to cater for the various gas flume sizes. These are high temperature pieces of equipment as they make sure that the removal of particles from the air or gases is continuous. As well as this, such filters can also contain sorbent powders which can act as a dry scrubber.

Purpose built vessels are implemented for the filters, in order to meet to a wide range of industrial specifications.

This hot gas filter process is utilised with catalytic gas treatment, dry scrubbing, incineration, pyrolosis and gasification applications and processes. These need the process gas to be cooled and/or purified before being then being fully filtered. All filtration processes are carried out in chemical processes, due to how effective it is.

Some of the primary reasons for taking out solids at high temperatures include the fact that the gas involved is already at a higher temperature and is clean. In addition to this the gas can contain condensable solids or liquids which need to remain in the vapour phase and once the solids have accumulated. There is a possibility that this may alter their properties if the temperature goes down.

The utilisation of ceramic material in hot air filters is very suitable due to its durable nature and ability to withstand extremely high temperatures; it is very uncommon for them get damaged and are not affected by sparks or by other particles. Ceramic fibres are less expensive and are said to perform better than other rigid filtration methods.

These are similarly good for thermal shock resistance and are resistant to acid gasses which can raise the risk of erosion. In situations where solids have not been efficiently taken out, the outer layer of the ceramic material might corrode and often end up with it being delaminated. With these factors come expensive maintenance and repairs; but it is worth noting that these occurrences are not very common.

 

Fans have been used by mankind since the early centuries. However, they were of course not of the same design as the ones we use today. How the fans were initially and how they turned out to be what we use nowadays is what this articles aims to throw light at.

In early days fans were made out of paper and could be folded when not required. This made them portable and easy to carry. In those days these paper fans were decorated with artistic drawings and cultural paintings that made them colorful as well.

The paper fans were carried in hand and by the motion of wrist they created a short flow of air to cause the cooling effect. Here it is vital to understand the cooling phenomena which would also help in later in the article.

How cooling effect works has two principles; one, heat is removed from a body to bring about a cooling effect and second, the environment is made cooler to prevent feeling the heat.

Fans follow the first principle.

In fans the fan blades rotate at fast speed to cause an elevated air flow which removes sweat from our body at a fast rate. The liquid form of sweat absorbs heat swiftly from our skin to evaporate which leaves behind cooler skin resulting in a cooling effect.

The second principle in which the environment is cooled is done in a few ways; the amount of heat entering the premises is restricted or heat is removed from the surroundings to make it cooler. The restrict the amount of heat entering we can have insulation in the walls, have UV coating on window glass, paint the walls and roof with light colors and/or have air conditioner installed.

The above mentioned methods of cooling the environment are known to reduce indoors temperature significantly. If all means are adopted before have air conditioner installed then it can also have noticeable reduction in energy costs.

These days, it is becoming more typical for men and women to rely on home air filters to take care of indoor air pollutants and other nasty airborne particles that could be dangerous to the human body. It only makes sense because indoor air high quality is now 1 of the key concerns of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The truth is, it truly is mentioned that indoor air pollution might be much more risky than outdoor air pollution on a particularly poor day. And that is not a really superior issue at all.

In case you think about it, it can get quite scary. All sorts of things – from dust to dirt mites and even pet dander – could be observed floating about in the air you breathe, infiltrating your body and those of the persons about you. As you could imagine, having this dirty particles inside your body won’t have a really superior impact in your health, so it’s crucial to take care of indoor air pollution as swiftly and as efficiently as achievable.

Enter home air filters.

Although merely opening a window may well go an extended way in easing the burden of indoor air pollution in your overall health, home air filters supply a number of things that make it a much better answer than conventional wisdom.

Initial off, even though an open window can let polluted indoor air escape, it also can let polluted outside air to get in. On the other hand, indoor air filters typically just take the air inside the home and purify it, filtering microscopic particles inside the method.

Indoor air filters can also be helpful in places or situations exactly where opening windows just is not a possibility, like in particular offices where they have windows that can’t be opened, or during times when opening a window can essentially do additional harm than fantastic, like throughout a storm. Also maintain in thoughts that so long as there are people and/or pets living inside a home, there will likely be indoor air pollution to a specific degree which could or might not be harmful to a person’s wellness. In most instances, it will be far more simpler and a lot more convenient to take care of the challenge on the inside instead of on the outside.

Keeping the air inside your house clean comes at a cost, on the other hand. Depending on the type of air purifier you use, things can get high-priced very rapidly. In some situations, the price of replaceable filters can keep on adding up as they have to be bought separately and replaced on occasion. In other words, it’s the asking price that a lot of people see as one key drawback. Still, most think that the pros of home air filters far outweigh the cons and continue employing them.

Now that you know how great the house air filters are, there’s no doubt what’s going in your head. But before you go out and buy them, make sure you visit AirFilterHub.com now for more information on other air filters such as the Holmes air filter.